20.+15th+Cenutry+art+in+Northern+Europe

= 15th Century Art in Northern Europe = Summary: During the later Middle Ages France lost its dominating position as a result of the 100 Years’ War (1337-1453); however, its nobility was still dedicated to the acquisition of art. The aristocratic aspects of the International style were gradually supplanted by the growing realism associated with the rising bourgeoisie of the 15th century who themselves came to be patrons of the arts. In addition to the bourgeoisie were the courts of the nobles and they also became patrons of the arts. Emerging capitalism was creating an economic network throughout Europe and augmenting trade and commerce. This rise in wealth also gave rise to more works commissioned by individuals for personal devotion.


 * Historical Context:**
 * The Great Schism continues with a Pope in Rome and one in Avignon (1378-1417).
 * France and England still engaged in the Hundred Years War (1337-1453).
 * Feudalism is slowly fading creating social disruptions as people shifted from one form of economy to emerging capitalism.
 * Move toward a more centralized form of governement (begun in 12th c.) continues.
 * New economic system emerges with early stages of captialism.
 * New credit and exchange system creates an economic network among European cities.
 * International trading companies emerge led by wealthy family enterprises (Jacques Couer/ Bruges and the Medici/ Florence).
 * In 1460 the first international stock exchnage opened in Antwerp.
 * Art flourished under patronage that was royal, ducal, church, and private.
 * New art medium of oil painting was introduced and had a significant impact on the production of paintings.
 * Gutenberg develops the printing press and publishes the Bible in 1456.
 * Printmaking becomes a major art form, following the invention of moveable type and the mecahnization of printing.


 * CONTEXT and PAINTING **:
 * IDEA: || EFFECT ON THE ARTS: ||
 * * Secularization of culture || * New subject matter in Northern Renaissance painting
 * Humanization of religious themes ||
 * * Capitalism/ banking/urbanization produce growth of market economies || * New patrons of the arts includes royalty, ducal, church and private patronage ||
 * * “Sanctification of sight”- micro vs. macro || * Observation of detail and the miniaturist tradition
 * Secular objects become religious symbols ||
 * * Invention of oil painting techniques changes the look of paintings || * Attention to surface vs. underlying structure of forms ||
 * * Printmaking becomes an art form || * Enables the wide dissemination of artistic ideas ||
 * * Protestant Reformation || * Personalization of religious experience ||

Sculpture** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">20-2............Claus Sluter, [|Well of Moses] (KS), Chartreuse de Champol, Dijon, France 1400 Painting <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: FR;">20-15/16......Limbourg Brothers, [|January] //and [|October]// from Les tres Riches Heures du Duc de Berry, 1416 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; msoansilanguage: FR;">20-11..........Robert Campin, [|Merode Altarpiece, The Annunciation], ca. 1425, Oil on wood. 20-1...........Jan van Eyck, [|Giovanni Arnolfini and his Bride] (1434. Oil on wood... 20-5-6.........Jan Van Eyck, [|Ghent Altarpiece] 1432. Oil on wood Jan van Eyck, [|Man in Red Turban] 1430. Oil on wood. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">20-3............Melchoir Broederlam//, [|Retable de Champmol], [|Annunciation and Visitation]// and [|Presentation and Flight into Egypt] 1399 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-ansi-language: NL;">20-8............Rogier Van deer Weyden, [|Deposition] ca. 1435. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Oil on wood... <span style="color: #030202; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">20-9............Rogier van der Weyden, [|Saint Luke Drawing the Virgin] //,// ca. 1435. 20-10..........Rogier van der Weyden, [|Portrait of a Lady] //,// 1460 <span style="color: #030202; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">20-11.........Petrus Christus, [|A Goldsmith in his Shop] //,,// 1449. Oil on wood. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">20-12..........Dirk Bouts, [|Last Supper, Altarpiece of the Holy Sacrament] (KS)//,// 1468. Oil on wood. 20-13..........Hugo van der Goes, [|Portinari Altarpiece] //,// Florence, Italy, ca. 1476. Tempera and oil on wood. 20-14..........Hans Memling, [|Virgin with saints and Angels] //Saint John Altarpiece//, Hospitalh Sint Jan, Bruges, 1479. 20-22.........Konrad Witz, [|Miraculous Draught of Fish] (from the //Altarpiece of Saint Peter,// 1444. Oil on wood. <span style="color: #050505; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif;">20-24........Tilman Riemenschneider, [|The Assumption of the Virgin] from the //Crelingen Altarpiece,//ca. 1499. Carved limewood.
 * WORKS OF ART- Early Northern Renaissance
 * Second generation Northern Renaissance artists after 1450:**

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">** THEMES for DISCUSSIO N :** The role of patronage in the arts by royalty and nobility: International style expressed in manuscripts. The importance of naturalism as an expression of the divine in painting and sculpture of the period. Creation of multi-paneled altarpieces; role of guilds; objects of personal devotion. The role of symbolism in altarpieces including Merode, Ghent, Portinari. Influence of change in materials of painting from tempera on wood to oil on panel or canvas. Emergence of portraiture as a genre, reflecting personal wealth and prestige.

WEB SITES: [|Art and the Bible] [|Rogier van der Weyden at PMA]

<span style="color: #313fc4; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">**Essay: Due Fri., February 12** espond to the discussion question assigned to you. Read the responses for all the discussion questions. <span style="color: #b40808; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">**TEST**: <span style="color: #313fc4; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> CH. 19-20 Thurs., Feb 11