18+Gothic+Art

Visit: [|Met Museum Gothic Art Timeline] c. 1144 to about 1300 (continues later in Germany and England)
 * [[image:StDenis_ambulatory.jpg width="212" height="333" caption="St. Denis ambulatory"]] ||
 * GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE **

__ Religious Architecture __ : [|St. Denis,] Paris………………………………………..1144………………Abbot Suger ~ made a significant contribution in the way that archetecture was percieved and constructed. In the Gothic churches, height became about light. Abbot Suger equated light with the divine. He was insistant of finding ways to increase the light inside the church. In comparison with St. Sernin, St. Denis's ambulatory has ribbed groin vaults (started at Durham) as does its choir and the rest of the interior of the church. The ribbed groin vaults in the ceiling that made it stronger allowed the space between the supports to open up. THis alowed the light from the apse outside to go into the choir because there was less archetectural blockage. [|Interior]. (RK) [|Chartres Cathedral]**,** Chartres, France............1145.................. ~ In comparison with St. Etienne, which is divided horizontally and vertically by three, Chartres mimics the same archetectural style. The facade cooresponds with the nave in the center and the two side aisles on the sides of it. NOW, however, the sections are more elaborate. There are more butresses that are not only visual but functional as well, supporting the wall. They enhance the verticallity because they travel all the way to the top while at St. Etienne, they kind of just stop. The portals are more elaborate at Chartres as well. There are three portals in the center nave which cooresponds to three entrances. There are rounded stained glass windows and a rose that is stained glass as well. Now, because there was a system to hold these walls up, stained glass windows were possible. There are more elaborate pinacles on the tops of the towers at Chartres and subsequent gothic churches. (RK) [|Royal Portal from the West facade]...........Chartres...........1145......~ There are three portals and the tympanums have the same last judgement scenes though they are less fearful than we've seen before. [|The Jamb Statues] (still elongated but no longer twisted and no longer seperate from the archetecture) replace the trumeaus and they represent the kings and queens (its called a Royal Portal), and they are NOT caryatids. The tops of the columns of the Jamb statues are also carved and they tell the life of Mary and Jesus and they are a continuous frieze across the portal. The right portal has the "Theotokis." (RK) ** Notre Dame **, Paris, France………………………1215……………..Early Gothic [|Laon Cathedral,] Laon, France…………………1190.................~ There is now a much deeper recession (vaults kind of) over the three portals. Now, also, the three portals dont just go to the nave, but they go to the nave and the aisles. There is additional statuary alongside the pinicles. The Rose window and the additional windows allow light to come in from the nave. The facade is much deeper and all archetectural features are exxagerated. There are sexpartite ribbed vaults that cover the nave and the two aisles also contain these ribbed vaults. This vaulting system derives from Saint Etienne. On the inside, the peirs support the verticality of the structure up from the bundling of the shafts. (RK) ** Notre Dame **, Chartres…………………………….1194……………..High Gothic ** Notre Dame **, Amiens, France………………….1236> ** Notre Dame **, Reims, France…………………….1260……………..Late Gothic ** Sainte-Chapelle **, Paris, France…………………1250……………..Rayonnnant style ** Cologne Cathedral **, Germany………………….1248 ** Orvieto Cathedral **, Orvieto, Italy……………..1310 ** Milan Cathedral **, Milan, Italy…………………..1386

tympanum~ the semi-circular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance bounded by a lintel and arch (RK) trumeau ~ the column supporting the tympanum in the portal (RK) lintel ~ a horizontal block that spans the space between two supports (RK) archivolts ~ an ornamental molding or band following the curve of the underside of an arch (RK) jambs ~ replaced the trumeaus in Gothic Archetecture but were not self supporting (RK) voussoirs ~ a wedge-shaped element, typically a stone, used in building an arch (RK) Jamb sculptures ~ replaced the trumeaus in Gothic Archetecture but were not self supporting (RK) Portal ~ a gate, door, or tunnel: entrance (RK) Gables~ the generally triangular portion of a wall between the edges of a sloping roof (RK) Column statues ~
 * VOCABULARY ** as it relates to new building style:
 * Portals: **

Pinnacle……tracery bosses……..triforium………buttress……….rose window……..stained glass Leading………flashed glass…….grisaille………..mandorla………beastiary………gargoyles
 * Structures: ** pointed arch…….rib groin vault……flying buttresses…….cluster pier………..lancet window

** Consideration as to the development of a “Gothic” style ** : 1. Paris becomes the intellectual center of Gothic Europe-//home// of Scholasticism 2. Growing importance of the **Cult of the Virgin**- churches built to Notre Dame 3. Growth of cities shifts patronage away from monasteries to urban Bishops and clergy 4. Political power of French kings is consolidated due to taxation, laws, government which leads to stability 5. Development of new building technology (see characteristics below)

Select one: READ and Report: [|Gothic Architecture] READ and Report: [|The Cult of the Virgin] READ and Report: [|Animals in Medieval Art] READ and Report: [|Late Medieval German Sculpture] READ and Report: [|Relics and Reliquaries in Medieval Christianity] FIVE MINUTE REPORTS DUE: Wednesday, Jan. 28, 2009

§  Choir, ambulatory, radiating chapels create **unified space, open space, interior walls dissolve** §  **Rib groin vaulting **  carries weight of roof structure above down to cluster piers and columns §  **Stained glass windows **  replace heavy walls <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;"> **<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pointed arch ** <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msohansithemefont: minor-latin;"> reduces outward thrust of vaulting <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;"> **<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Greater flexibility / variety of space ** <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msohansithemefont: minor-latin;"> using groin vaulting and pointed arch <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;"> **<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Flying buttresses ** <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msohansithemefont: minor-latin;"> transfer weight to exterior <span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;">§ <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Wingdings; msofareastfontfamily: Wingdings; msolist: Ignore;"> **<span style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Increased verticality ** <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msohansithemefont: minor-latin;"> possible with new building forms <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msohansithemefont: minor-latin;">Light, through large stained glass windows fills interior space with colored light= equated with **“divine light”**
 * <span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; msoasciifontfamily: Calibri; msoasciithemefont: minor-latin; msohansifontfamily: Calibri; msohansithemefont: minor-latin;">Characteristics of Gothic Style: **

Complex geometry of plan || **ESSAY**: If the structure of a Romanesque church was in response to the pilgrimage traditions of the early middle ages, what was the motivation for the changes in Gothic architecture? Use examples from each period to explain the the changes and the rationale for those changes. Due: Monday, Jan. 25, 2009
 * GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE: **
 * ** Structural device ** || ** Function ** || ** Effect or result ** ||
 * 1. Flying buttress || Supports roof vaulting || More window space / light ||
 * 2. Ribbed - groin || Roof structure || Flexibility of shape of the bays
 * 3. Pointed arch || Opening of space || Greater verticality (more thrust downward) ||


 * GOTHIC SCULPTURE**

__<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Architectural sculpture: __ <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">West, North, and South Portals of Chartres Cathedral…………..1194-1250 <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Visitation //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, jamb statues, Notre Dame, Reims …………………….1230 __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Free-standing sculpture __<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Virgin of Paris //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, Paris, France…………………………………..1300 <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ekkehard and Uta**,** //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Naumberg Cathedral………………………….1260 <span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rottgen Pieta, //<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Rhineland, Germany……………………………….1300
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Major Works of Art **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Re-emergence of the human body as a central subject matter in art-religious, character still within the context of architectural decoration or embellishment, still primarily surrounding portals to churches. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Growing belief that the Christian “soul” must be manifested within the human body (Aristotle’s writings rediscovered-//the human body is the form of the soul-a manifestation of it, and therefore should be beautiful, to represent God’s creation.)//
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Consideration as to the development of a “Gothic” style in sculpture: **

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Throughout the 12th and 13th centuries, **increasing sense of realism** in door jamb sculpture, from the iconic to naturalism <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Development from early style: (west portal (Royal Portal) at Chartres <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Extreme elongation <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Stylization <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">“archaic smile” <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Linear quality / drapery of figures <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Slow movement to the **greater realism and naturalism** of door jamb sculptures of late Gothic statuary, seen in the north and south portals of Chartres <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Figures begin to interact with each other (Reims cathedral) <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Move away from the confines of door jamb shape, proportion more realistic <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Individualization of faces <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Attempt at //contrapposto// and more natural stance <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Figures reflect a greater understanding of anatomy <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Courtly style **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> of Late Gothic <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Free standing sculpture (in the round) begins to be done…..//Virgin of Paris// <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Gothic “S” curve in figure provides new elegance <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">“doll-like” face with large eyes, small mouth, crown on head <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Growing tendency toward naturalism……………….Ekkehard and Uta / Bamberg Rider <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Expressionist quality in some works such as……….Rottgen Pieta
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Characteristics of Gothic sculpture: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; msofareastfontfamily: Arial; msolist: Ignore;">5. ****<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">German Gothic **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"> sculpture:

=LUXURY ARTS=

READ and WRITE: Saint Loius IX

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**ESSAY**: Describe the changes found in Gothic architectural sculpture. Give specific examples of this development in sculpture. Due: Friday, Jan. 30, 2009 TEST: Gothic Feb. 1 (Image identification/short response)