17.+Romanesque

 =ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE=   **CONTEXT**: **Monasteries** became centers of learning, continuing the tradition of manuscript illumination. **Towns and Cities** flourished along the pilgrimage routes bringing prosperity through increased trade which in turn rekindled the sculpture traditions of the past as ecclesiastical buildings were remodeled or newly built. **Crusades** brought influences from the Middle East, with Islamic art and architecture entering Europe. Leif Ericson reaches America…………………………………………………………….1000 Pilgrimages begin to Santiago de Compostela in Spain or St. Peter’s in Rome………….1000 Christian church splits between western (Rome) and eastern (Orthoidox) branches…......1054 after defeating Harold, uniting England with much of France…………………………….1066 est. Benedictine Order in 540)……………………………………………………………..1080 Restored cut away view of third abbey church **(Cluny III),** Cluny France, 1100
 * Pilgrimage Routes** promoted an exchange of ideas; provided income for towns on the way to Santiago d’ Compostela; influenced the design of churches to accommodate the pilgrims for services-especially the ambulatory and extended nave. The **cult of saints** attracted pilgrims seeking repentance or the healing powers of the relics. Relief and gratitude that the first Christian millennium had not brought the end of the world contributed to the boom in church building.
 * TIMELINE: **
 * Battle of Hastings- **William the Conquere invades England- crowned King of England
 * Hugh of Semur **, Abbot of Cluny (St. Benedict, founder of western monasticism,
 * First Crusade **<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">, encouraged by Pope Urbane II to free Jerusalem from the Arabs/Turks…1095
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Second Crusade **<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">……………………………………………………………………...1149
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">WORKS OF ARCHITECTURE **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">St. Sernin, **<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Toulouse, France…………………………………1080
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Santa’ Ambrogio **<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">, Milan, Itlay……………………………….1100
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">St. Eitienne **<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">, Caen, France…………………………………….1120
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Pisa Cathedral **<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">, Pisa, Italy……………………………………1080
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Durham Cathedral **<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">, England………………………………….1130

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Manor – vassals – liege lord – feudalism – Cult of Saints – reliquary – mandorla – scriptoria – tapestry <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> **<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">ARCHITECTIRAL TERMS: ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Nave – aisles – transept – crossing – radiating chapels – choir – ambulatory – triforium – Westbrook – towers – <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Cloister – tympanum – trumeau – lintel – archivolts – jambs – voussoirs – barrel vault – tribune – groin vault – <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Engaged columns – compound piers – springing – transverse arches – pointed arches – sexpartite vault <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 5. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Ambulatory **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">around apse/ altar and extended **choir** behind the crossing and altar <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 6. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Twin towers **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">on **westwork** façade, single **tower** over crossing <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 7. __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Relatively __<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> dark interiors (compared to Gothic structures)
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Vocabulary **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">CHARACTERISTICS of Romanesque Pilgrimage Churches: **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 1.  ****<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Barrel vaulting **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> over nave with **transverse ribs**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 2.  ****<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Round-headed windows “punched out” **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">of thick load bearing walls
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 3.  ****<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Exterior buttresses **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> that counter the thrust force of the barrel vaults
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"> 4.  ****<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Compound piers **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">on interior nave wall with **galleries** below **triforium**

** =ROMANESQUE SCULPTURE= <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> //Pentecost and Mission of the Apostles//, central portal of the narthex at La Madeleine, Vezalay 1125 <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Giselbertus, //Last Judgment//, Saint Lazare, Autun 1125 <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Cloister column sculpture and trumeau figure at St. Pierre at Moissac, France <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> //<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">The Morgan Madonna // <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> //Reliquary of St Foy// <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> //Bayeux tapestry//, France…………………………1088 <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Various Illuminated manuscripts………………...1100 <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> Tympanum………….trumeau………lintel………..archivolts…………voussoirs………..jambs <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Jamb sculpture………bestiary………grotesques…..mandorla <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Revival of stone scultprue carving techniques is slow, after centuries of neglect and disinterest- no local tradition of large scale stone sculpture <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Sculptural decoration is first in high relief (rather than in the round) places in areas surrounding main doorways and in column capitals <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Sculptors and stone masons are influenced by: o  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Illuminated manuscript designs of Carolingian, Hiberno-Saxon, Ottonian origin o  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Anglo-Saxon metal work and other decorative arts o  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Early frescos and mosaics <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Crowded compositions with figures of different sixes in limited space <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Hieratic organization- that which is most important is largest, and usually centrally placed <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Extreme distortion of figures, often to fit available space within the composition <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Representation of the human figure: o  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">extreme elongation of anatomy o  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Angularity of from – awkward poses with feet pointing down o  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Linear presentation of details, especially in the drapery and hair o  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Simplification of drapery and related details-stylization o  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Frontal presentation of the body o  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Broad and generalized features in the face <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Love of medieval bestiary-fantastic creatures of the imagination-grotesques of half animal and half human beings presented in illogical scale and proportion <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol;"> ·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Subject matter of tympanum and capitals most often tableaux and narratives from the bible, especially the Last Judgment.
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">ESSAY **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">: During the Romanesque period, the number of pilgrims greatly increased. Discuss how this influenced art and architecture in Europe during this time. Give examples to support your statements.
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Due: Wednesday, Jan. 14
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Sculptural reliefs **<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> in the tympanum of:
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Free standing sculpture **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Two dimensional works: **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Vocabulary: **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Considerations and influences on the Romanesque sculptural style: **
 * <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Stylistics characteristics of Romanesque sculpture: **

<span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">

<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">