19.+Italy+1200-1400



=Italy 1200-1400 =

READ and REMEMBER: [|Birth of Christ in Early Italian Art]

READ and WRITE: Go to the [|Met Museum website] How does Duccio's painting of the Madonna and Christ Child Enthroned reflect both Byzantine aesthetics and the beginnings of Italian Renaissance naturalism? Due Thursday, Feb. 5

READ for PLEASURE as we near Valnetine's Day: [|A Love Story] = CONTEXT: = o Italy is collection of powerful city-states ruled by oligarchies or despots over a variety of political structures which were rife with internal conflicts and instability. o Papacy and church at pinnacle of power – Pope in Rome is a military power in southern Italy and a political power in Europe. o Florence becomes (along with Rome) the banking capital of Europe. The textile and wool trade are extremely important to Florence. o __ Constantinople is captured by the Crusaders in 1204 __ which results in an influx of Byzantine artists into Italy, especially Sienna. o ** Cult of the Virgin ** is expressed in many paintings of the Madonna Enthroned (//Queen of Heaven//). o ** St. Francis ** is active c. 1220- establishing a preaching order. He is made a saint in 1228. o ** The Black Death begins in 1348 ** and decimates the population of Europe and especially Sienna, leading to its downfall as a political power. = WORKS OF ART =
 * Politics: **
 * Religion: **
 * History: **

**Painting:** [|Berlinghieri - Saint Francis Altarpiece]**, (KS) ** Pescia, Italy…………………………………1235 [|Cimabue - Madonna Enthroned with Angels and Prophets], (KS) Florence………..........1280 [|Duccio - Madonna Enthroned] (KS) (Ruccellai Madonna)………………………………......…1285 **- [|Virgin and Child Enthroned],(KS) (Maesta Altarpiece)**, Sienna……………..........1339 - **Various predella panels from __Maesta Altarpiece__** The Maesta altarpiece is the first time that a specific artist, in this case Duccio, was comissioned by a town to make a piece of Artwork. When the city of Sierra defeated Florence, they wanted to make an alterpiece dedicated to their patron, Mary, who they believed help them win. On the front side is [|The Virgin Enthroned and Child Betrayal of Jesus], which shows a similar subject to the other Virgin and Child paintings we've seen earlier by Giotto. The main difference is that each person portrayed in the painting is an individual, which shows the extent of humanism in artwork at this time. On the back side is [|The Betrayal of Christ]. In the center of the painting, Judas is kissing Christ, on the left, Peter is cutting off someones ear, and on the right, the diciples are running for their lives. Each individual person has their own thing going on, like a movie or a story, which shows once again the impact of humanism. This maesta was so important to the city that once it was finished, the entire town came out for a parade. (RK) [|Giotto - Madonna Enthroned]** ,(KS) ** Florence………………………………………………….....1310 **- [|Arena Chapel],(KS)** (Padua) and fresco cycles at Assisi and Florence………...........1310 ................. The Arena Chapel was privately commissioned and painted by Giotto. The idea that an individual artist would be commissioned to paint the entire interior of a chapel was uncommon. The interior painting reflect the narratives of the Virgin and Christ and his Passion. One of the frescoes on the inside is the [|Lamentation of Christ] . The composition is constructed without symmetry(focal point is in the left corner), frontality or rigidity. There is a strong diagonal that comes down from the mountain which is directed towards the Virgin and the Dead Christ. Everything is directed towards that image. There are two figures, in the front, who have their backs to the audience and directed at Christ. This includes the audience in the scene to where they are standing watching the mother dealing with her son. Something equally interesting, all of the figures are portraying emotions of grief. He is using the mountain receding into space, as well as overlapping figures and modeling, to create a sense of depth in this work. **(RK)**  [|**Annunciation:**] **(KS)** Simone Martini was a student of Duccio and was also a good friend of Petrarch, who made paintings for the Pope in Avignon. He created the international style which is characterized by luxuriant painting with grand themes, colors, and fine gothic detail. He was not interested in the weightiness of figures but rather on fantasticality of procession. The Virgin appears very demure and she appears in the court style of the Late Gothic. Very elegant costumes were worn by the figures and there is a sure sense of drama throughout the entire piece. **(RK)** Florence………………………………………………….1333 **Lorenzetti - Allegory of Good and Bad Government**, Sienna…………………………1339 **- [|Birth of the Virgin] (KS)** Various **//Crucifix//** of **Cimabue, Duccio, and Lorenzetti**

** Nicola Pisano’s panels for baptistery pulpit ** of Pisa Cathedral………………………………………1260 **Andrea Pisano’s** **Doors for the Baptistry** of the Florence Cathedral………………………………1336 Maitani’s relief sculptures from façade of Orvieto Cathedral………………………………………..1330
 * Sculpture: **

** Giovanni Pisano’s Façade of the Sienna Cathedral ** …………………………………………………1300 diCambio’s and Giotto’s Florence Cathedral and Campanile Orvieto Cathedral…………………………………………………………………………………………………..1300
 * Architecture: **

__Maniera greca__- "greek manner" the italo-byzantine painting style of the 13th century __humanism__- an emphasis on education and expanding knowledge, the exploration of individual potential and a desire to excel, and a commitment to civic responsibility and moral duty. __Cult of the Virgin -__ http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/virg/hd_virg.htm (KS) __diptych -__ a two-paneled painting or alterpiece (KS) __Triptych -__ a three paneled painting, ivory plaque, or alterpiece (KS) __polytych -__ __predella panel__- a panel on a narrow ledge on which an alterpiece rests on an alter. (KS)
 * VOCABULARY **


 * Illusionary form:…….. ** modeling……………foreshortening…………….chiaroscuro………..definition

……………………………………detail……..size……..position (on the picture plane) Egg Tempera :……..gesso……….wood panel………………linen…………..under painting………….terra vert Bole………….gold leaf…………………gilding………………punchwork [|Fresco]** : ** …..arricio……………giornata…………sinopia…………..sinopie…………….intonaco…………egg white Lime………….fresco secco…………vehicle……….pigment
 * Illusionary space ** :……..light…….diagonals…………….overlapping………………intensity / value
 * Egg Tempera and Fresco Terms and Techniques: **

Essay Ques:  What is the International Style and how does Simone Martini’s //Annunciation// reflect this style?  Why is Giotto considered the “father of pictorial painting” by art historians? How did patronage change from the 12th and 13th century to the 14th century in Italy? Due: Monday. Feb 8