3+Egyptian+Art

= CONTEXT = ·  Geographic isolation – country is defensible+ continuous traditions and homogeneous culture ·  Economic security – agricultural base due to inundation of Nile prosperity ·  Deeply held religious traditions – Pharaoh is son of god = stability and aversion to change  ·  Hierarchical society – Pharaoh top of “pyramid” = collective will and aversion to change ·  Geological substructure – plethora of stone = megalithic architecture  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">and permanence <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> · <span style="font: 7pt 'Times New Roman'; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;"> <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Belief in Afterlife – elaborate funeral traditions, objects and tomb architecture = = WORKS OF ART = [|Palette of Narmer] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">c. 3168 BCE Old Kingdom c. 2500 BCE <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> [|Wood statue of Ka-Aper] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">c. 2365 BCE <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> [|Stepped pyramid of King Zoser] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">c. 2750 BCE <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 3; msotabcount: 3;"> [|Pyramids at Giza] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">c. 2500 BCE <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 3; msotabcount: 3;"> [|Seated Ka statue of Khafre]<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> c. 2500 BCE <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 3; msotabcount: 3;"> [|Menkaure and his bride] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">c. 2500 BCE <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 3; msotabcount: 3;"> [|Mortuary Temple of Queen Hatshepsut]<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">c. 1400 BCE <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">New Kingdom c. 1500 BCE Sculptures of Hatshepsut<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">( <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">seated and kneeling) <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-spacerun: yes; msospacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">c. 1400 BCE <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-spacerun: yes; msospacerun: yes;"> <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Upper Egypt / Thebes [|Wall paintings: Tomb of Nebamun]<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">c. 1400 BCE [|Temple of Amen-Re at Karnak]<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">c. 1250 [|Various works from Armana period] <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">c. 1330 BCE <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 2; msotabcount: 2;"> <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Note: Armana Period 1350 BCE = VOCABULARY =
 * Alluvial deposits- **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> clay or silt or gravel carried by rushing streams and deposited where the stream slows down

Ka- a spiritual entity, an aspect of the individual, believed to live within the body during life and to survive it after death **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. **

Ben-ben- A pyramidal stone a fetish of the god Re

Fetish stone- A carved stone believed to have sacred or supernatural powers

Hierarchical- having to do with hierarchy / Hierarchical Scale – An artistic convention in which greater size indicated greater importance

Imhotep- Imhotep was chief architect to the Egyptian Pharaoh Djoser (reigned c.2630 - c.2611 BC), the first architect we know by name//<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. //

Canon / canon of proportion – a rule for example of proportion (ancient Egyptians used 18 point grid)

Convention- a rule, method, or practice established by usage

Obelisk- an upright 4-sided usually monolithic pillar that gradually tapers as it rises and terminates in a pyramid

Amarna period – the latter part of Egypt’s 18th dynasty in which Akhenaton instituted a monotheistic faith

Akhenaton – a ruler during the later part of Egypt’s 18th dynasty, converted the existing polytheistic religion into a monotheistic religion centered around Aten

Monotheism- the doctrine or belief that there is only one God

Iconoclast - a breaker or destroyer of images, esp. those set up for religious veneration **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. **

<span style="font-size: 18pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Architectural Vocab <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">

<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Pyramids <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">

Mastaba- Arabic for "brick". An ancient Egyptian rectangular brick or stone structure with sloping sides erected over a subterranean tomb chamber connected with the outside by a shaft.

Stone courses- A horizontal layer of stone in a structure

Valley temple- The temple closest to the Nile River. Associated with each of the great pyramids at Giza (Gizeh).

Mortuary temple- A temple erected for the worship of a deceased pharaoh

Causeway- A raised roadway usually over a body of water or wetland

Sphinx- A mythical Egyptian beast with the body of a lion and the head of a human

Living rock- Structures or sculptures carved from Corbelled arch/corbelling- a building technique that uses pieces of stone jutting out of a wall to carry any superincumbent weight. (an arch-like construction method which uses the architectural technique of corbelling to span a space or void in a structure

<span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Temples <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">

Clerestory- a portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows admitting daylight to the interior.

Hypostyle hall- A hall with a roof supported by columns

Colonnade- A series or row of columns, usually spanned by lintels

Pylon- the wide entranceway of an Egyptian temple characterized by sloping walls

Engaged columns – a half-round column attached to a wall

Post and lintel construction- a building system in which two post support a lintel

<span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Post <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">

Coloumn - a decorative pillar, most often composed of stone and typically having a cylindrical or polygonal shaft with a capital and usually a base

Capital - the distinctively treated upper end of a column

Bud <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> – closed capital in Egyptian columns symbolizing papyrus  <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">

Bell- open capital in Egyptian columns symbolizing the lotus

Shaft <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> – the vertical portion of a column  <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">

Fluting- roughly semicircular (in cross section) channeling on columns.

Lintel – horizontal beam used to span an opening

Entablature- the part of a building above the columns and below the roof (3 parts: architrave, frieze, pediment)

Limestone - a sedimentary rock consisting predominantly of calcium carbonate, varieties of which are formed from the skeletons of marine microorganisms and coral

Tensile strength of stone - the resistance of the stone to longitudinal stress, measured by the minimum amount of longitudinal stress required to rupture the stone.

Plan/elevation – a drawing or design that represents an object or structure as being projected geometrically on a vertical plane parallel to one of its sides **<span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">. **

Sculpture

Negative relief/ relief - the projection of a figure or part from the ground or plane on which it is formed, as in sculpture or similar work (negative being opposite)

Bisymmetrical – symmetry on both sides of a central axis

Diorite - a granular igneous rock consisting essentially of plagioclase feldspar and hornblende

Granite - a coarse-grained igneous rock composed chiefly of orthoclase and albite feldspars and of quartz, usually with lesser amounts of one or more other minerals, as mica, hornblende, or augite.

Slate - a fine-grained rock formed by the metamorphosis of clay, shale, etc

Atlantids – a male figure that functions as a supporting column <span style="font-size: 14pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;"> Painting <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">

Fresco secco – A technique in which pigment (usually in the form of water colors) is applied to fresh plaster Twisted perspective – an artistic convention in which portions of the body are twisted to show importance Hierarchical ordering - an artistic convention in which figures are ordered by status/importance <span style="font-family: 'Cambria','serif'; mso-ascii-theme-font: major-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: major-latin;">

= IDEAS / CONCEPT = <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">1: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 1; msotabcount: 1;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Referring to the four aspects of “context” discussed in class, outline in point form the context of the Old Kingdom pyramids and New Kingdom temple. **//__Why__//** //pyramidal shape// for tombs? http://www.pyramidofman.com/Concept.htm (ks) <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 1; msotabcount: 1;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">2: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 1; msotabcount: 1;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">How is the concept of __hierarchy__ expressed in the __design__ of New Kingdom temples? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 1; msotabcount: 1;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">3: <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 1; msotabcount: 1;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">__Why__ is there very little change (of style) in Egyptian art and architecture (except for Armana period)? 4. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 1; msotabcount: 1;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Why did Egyptian craftsmen adhere to a “canon of proportion” and strict conventions of representing the human figure in Egyptian painting, relief and sculpture? Website: [|Egyptian canon of proprotion] 5. Explain how context determines function AND how function determines style in Egyptian sculpture and tomb painting? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">6. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 1; msotabcount: 1;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">Why did Egyptian painters concentrate on conceptual reality rather than presenting an optical reality? <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-tab-count: 1; msotabcount: 1;"> <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">**Refer to the following quote**: “The artist uses conceptual approach rather than the optical, representing what is known to be true of the object, instead of some random view of it, and showing its most characteristic parts at right angles to the line of vision.” <span style="color: #2b643c; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';"> =<span style="color: #2b643c; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">RESOURCES = [|ARTstor] - Over 300,000 digital images documenting traditions across many times and cultures and embracing, among others, architecture, sculpture, photography, decorative arts, and design. <span style="color: #6f60dc; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';"> [|Grove Art] - <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; msobidifontfamily: 'Times New Roman';">Users can access more than 23,000 subject entries, 21,000 biographies, 500,000 bibliographic citations, 40,000 image links and 5,000 images contained within //Grove Art Online//.

=** WEBSITES: **= [|Met Museum: Egypt] [|Michael C. Carlos Museum]