4+Proto+Greek+Art

= **PROTO GREEK ART PERIODS:** = Location: Architecture: Date: = CONTEXT = =** Vocabulary **= [|Corbelled Vault]: a vault formed by the piling of stone blocks in horizontal courses, cantilevered inward until the two walls meet in an arch (EK) Beehive Tomb: a subterranean tomb of the Mycenaean civilization, consisting of a domed chamber entered by a passage through a hillside (EK) A **Krater** was a large [|vase] used to mix [|wine] and [|water] in [|Ancient Greece]. (HH) A **corbel arch** is an arch-like construction method which uses the [|architectural] technique of [|corbeling] to span a space or void in a structure, such as an entranceway in a wall or as the span of a bridge. (HH) = WORKS OF ART = __**Cylcadic**__: [|Cycladic figurines] [|Kamares Pottery] [|Snake goddess] [|Leaping Bull fresco] [|Palace at Knossos] [|Young God of Palaikastro] __**Mycenaean**:__ “[|Agememnon’s mask]“ gold repousse [|Vaphio Cup] gold repousse [|Tholos tomb] ( Teasury of Atreus) corbelling / stone c. 1250 BCE [|Lion Gate] megalithic stones
 * **Cycladic** Cycladic Islands various burial mounds c. 2500 BCE
 * **Minoan** Island of Crete Palace of Knossos c. 1500 BCE
 * **Mycenaean** mainland Greece citadel at Mycenae c. 1200 BCE
 * **Trading**: ealier Minoan culture (Crete) is open, non-military, palace architecture, olive oil, wine
 * **Mercenaries:** Mycenae mercenaries made stops in Crete to and from Egypt
 * **Disaster:** around 1450 (maybe earlier) earthquake (and tsunami) weaken Minoan cities
 * King Minos**: King of Knossos on the island of Crete. He is remembered for feeding the Minotaur (a half man, half bull) women and children from Athens.(EK)
 * King Agamemnon**: once King of Mycenae on the Greek mainland; brother of Menelaus, who was wife of Helen of Troy (EK)
 * Helladic Art**: The prehistoric art of the Greek mainland (EK)
 * Mycenaean Art**: The prehistoric art of the late Helladic period in Greece, named after the citadel of Mycenae (EK)
 * [|Post and Lintel]**: where a horizontal beam (the lintel) is supported by two vertical posts at either end (EW)
 * Cyclopean masonry** is a type of [|stonework] found in [|Mycenaean] architecture, built with huge [|limestone] [|boulders], roughly fitted together with minimal [|clearance] between adjacent stones and no use of [|mortar] (HH)
 * Repoussé** is a [|metalworking] technique in which a [|malleable] [|metal] is ornamented or shaped by [|hammering] from the reverse side.
 * Faience** is used to refer to finely glazed ceramic beads. (HH)
 * [|Octopus vase]**

Minoan culture flourished from 2700 to 1450 BC. Some divide this time period into the Early Minoan, the Middle Minoan and the Late Minoan, although many also use the Prepalatial, Protopalatial, Neopalatial, and Post-palatial time measure too. As a volcanic island, the culture of Crete was affected and subdivided by the eruptions that regularly destroyed palaces and homes. Minoans often served as traders and merchants, which gave many of them a reason to travel and lent the island an international outlook; with a highly lucrative port, Crete became a hub for multinational trade. Their religion was based on female deities and goddesses, with women as priestesses. Many archaeologists think that men and women had equal status in society. Mycenaean culture was especially strong from 1600 BC to 1100 BC, during which they used their skills as a conquering nation to advance their cause. With a warrior hierarchy, the Greek Mainland extended control to many new areas, eventually even absorbing Crete, thus destroying the Minoan culture. Thus far, no evidence has been found that there was a priest or priestess class; the economy was divided into two groups, those that worked for the king and those that were self employed. All served in the military. (www.wikipedia.org)
 * IDEAS / CONCEPTS **
 * 1) ** Outline the __difference__ between the cultures of Crete (Minoan) and mainland Mycenean. **

The Minoans were the first great civilization of the Bronze Age, thus the Mycenaeans, the second complex civilization of that Age, owed a great deal to the Minoans
 * 2. In chart form, contrast __Minoan and Mycenean architecture__.**
 * || Minoan || Mycenean ||
 * Time Period || 2700BC-1450BC || 1600 BC-1100 BC ||
 * Location || Island of Crete Palace of Knossos || mainland Greece citadel at Mycenae ||
 * Building material || native stone and clay, with timber used for reinforcement || varied, and could include sandstone, gypsum, or limestone. ||
 * Palaces || The Palace of Knossos, a Greek Ledgend of the Labyrinth. || Cidatel is an palace common for protection and a fortress ||
 * Statues || Females figures with snakes were common || Clays, often depict women ||
 * Religion || Their gods and godesess were often associated with animals such as the bull || Polytheistic, involved offerings and sacrifices to the gods. ||
 * 1) ** 3. Why did the Mycenean culture __appropriate__ Minaon artifacts / images? **
 * 1) ** 3. Why did the Mycenean culture __appropriate__ Minaon artifacts / images? **

Cycladic art is most well-known for its marble idols. These idols are famous for their abstract style and simplicity in shape (Garder’s, p. 87). In Kamares pottery, one example of abstraction is seen in the patterns on one Kamares Ware jar, where the patterns give the feeling of the ocean’s waves surrounding the central fish on the pot (Garder’s, p. 94).
 * 4. What was the __role of women__ in religion / as goddess __in Minoan culture__?**
 * 5. How is __abstraction / stylization__ used in Cycladic art and Kamares pottery?**

8. Write a description of the differences between excavation, and reconstruction restoration, in relation to Schlieman's project.**
 * 6. What accounts for __the difference in appearance__ (and content) of Minoan art (especially frascos) in contrast to other ancient cultures (especially the Egyptians)?**
 * 7. Who were Schliemann (Mycenean citadel and Troy) and Evans (Palace of Knossos)?[[file:schliemann and evans.docx]]